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This article is about sleep in humans. For non-human sleep, see Sleep in non-human animals. Sleep is associated with a state of muscle relaxation and reduced perception of environmental stimuli. Sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two distinct modes: REM sleep and non-REM sleep. Although REM stands for “rapid eye movement”, this mode of sleep has many other aspects, including virtual paralysis of the body. Function: Energy restoration, metabolic regulation, thermoregulation, boosting immune system, detoxification, brain maturation, circuit reorganization, synaptic optimization, avoiding danger.
Phylogeny: Sleep exists in invertebrates, lower vertebrates, and higher vertebrates. NREM and REM sleep exist in eutheria, marsupialiformes, and also evolved in birds. Mechanisms: Mechanisms regulate wakefulness, sleep onset, and sleep. Specific mechanisms involve neurotransmitters, genes, neural structures, and the circadian rhythm. Ontogeny: Sleep manifests differently in babies, infants, children, adolescents, adults, and older adults.
Differences include the stages of sleep, sleep duration, and sex differences. The most pronounced physiological changes in sleep occur in the brain. The brain uses significantly less energy during sleep than it does when awake, especially during non-REM sleep. In other words, sleeping persons perceive fewer stimuli, but can generally still respond to loud noises and other salient sensory events. During slow-wave sleep, humans secrete bursts of growth hormone.
All sleep, even during the day, is associated with secretion of prolactin. The electrical activity seen on an EEG are called brain waves. It has been revealed that the intensity of EEG waves on a frequency are related to one’s sleep-wake cycle. Non-REM and REM sleep are so different that physiologists identify them as distinct behavioral states.
6 times in a good night’s sleep. Awakening can mean the end of sleep, or simply a moment to survey the environment and readjust body position before falling back asleep. Sleepers typically awaken soon after the end of a REM phase or sometimes in the middle of REM. Internal circadian indicators, along with a successful reduction of homeostatic sleep need, typically bring about awakening and the end of the sleep cycle. During a night’s sleep, a small amount of time is usually spent in a waking state.
In adults, wakefulness increases, especially in later cycles. Most of this awake time occurred shortly after REM sleep. The circadian clock exerts constant influence on the body, affecting sinusoidal oscillation of body temperature between roughly 36. The circadian rhythm influences the ideal timing of a restorative sleep episode. The internal circadian clock is profoundly influenced by changes in light, since these are its main clues about what time it is. Exposure to even small amounts of light during the night can suppress melatonin secretion, and increase body temperature and wakefulness. Short pulses of light, at the right moment in the circadian cycle, can significantly ‘reset’ the internal clock.